Asian American Heritage Language Education in U.S Research Paper

Asian American Heritage Language Education in U.S - Research Paper Example Until recently, negative views about the personality and social development of bilingual children have been frequently expressed. Bilingualism was long associated with and even said to cause, mental confusion, identity and emotional problems, social attachment deficits, loyalty conflicts and poor self-esteem and self-concept (Sung & Padilla, 1998). However, it is clear that most people in the world have some sort of facility in more than one language and, as widely informed, it is monolingualism that is an aberration, an affliction of the powerful, and a disease to be cured.Until the late 1970’s, a majority of authors presented a negative, prejudiced view about bilingual personalities. Bilingual children were described as having split minds, being ‘neither here nor there,’ marginal people. Subsequent research has demonstrated that in any case, bicultural or bilingual individuals suffer detrimental effect on personality; bilingualism is not likely to be the cause. Rather, the social, economic and political conditions surrounding the development of bilingualism generate the problems.In America, where English is considered the dominant language, it would make sense to teach everyone English only. However, would this be the right course of action given that this would contribute to the extinction of heritage languages and cultures? In the late 20th century, United States had enacted the English-Only pedagogy among conquered peoples and minority groups on the margins of national life.... Subsequent research has demonstrated that in any case bicultural or bilingual individuals suffer detrimental effect on personality; bilingualism is not likely to be the cause. Rather, the social, economic and political conditions surrounding the development of bilingualism generate the problems (Park, 2007). In America, where English is considered the dominant language, it would make sense to teach everyone English only. However, would this be the right course of action given that this would contribute to the extinction of heritage languages and cultures? This question is best addressed by looking at the nation’s history. In the late 20th century, United States had enacted the English-Only pedagogy among conquered peoples and minority groups on the margins of national life (Blanton, 2006). The first region to be affected was Puerto Rico, and was considered the most significant pedagogical laboratory for language learning. English was made the primary language of instruction fo r all the subjects shortly after the American occupation in 1898. This was in place of Spanish-English bilingual education (Blanton, 2006). While English-Only pedagogy was the dominant instructional approach for teaching non-English speaking children between 1900 and 1930, it demonstrated an abysmal track record. Children in English only classrooms were simply not expected to thrive educationally. Educators made it clear that spoken English was the only objective it took precedence over such other subjects as reading, mathematics, and science (Sung & Padilla, 1998). In assessing the approach, it was concluded that English-Only pedagogy institutionalized and rationalized academic failure (Blanton, 2006). The most publicized

Software ownership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Software ownership - Essay Example The university was the pillar of the research in terms of financing. In addition, it had agreed to license the software for use in the research by Cyprotex. It was also argued that if Cyprotex had the software’s copyright, the University would not have been obligated to issue a license. The High Court and Appeal Court, therefore, found the university guilty. The High Court judge ruled that there was a misinterpretation of how the software was to be used. The contract had restrictions regarding the use of the research for commercial purposes. On the other hand, the Appeal Court based its judgement on a side agreement between the University and Cyprotex. The court held that Cyprotex’s employee was indeed an agent the University. The judge, therefore, held that the university should have been the owner of the software’s copyright. It would then be appropriate to hold the university accountable because it reserves the copyright to the

Criminology Essays Fingerprints Science Crime

Criminology Essays Fingerprints Science Crime Fingerprints Science Crime â€Å"Discuss the importance of fingerprints within forensic science citing appropriate examples† Fingerprints have always been a form of identification. This is probably the reason why fingerprints have supplanted most methods of identifying criminals that deny ever being arrested or even committing the crime. Identifying fingerprints has become a science and it also stands out to many other forensic sciences ( www.onin.com). The science of fingerprints, has helped many goverments around the world, presenting them with correct discovery of criminals (www.onin.com). There are millions of people on this planet and never have 2 fingerprints been found that are alike within humans and automated computer comparisons (www.onin.com). No 2 humans have the same finger, palm or footprint. These parts of the human body have ridges that are constantly broken up by endings or forks, these are called characteristics (www.south-wales.police.uk). Every person has unique distributions of the characteristics that build up in womb and through out life in general, these characteristics stay the same for a time after death too so it makes identifying a body possible (www.south-wales.police.uk). People have often tried to alter their fingerprints with different methods like cutting their fingerprints, burning the skin with acid but that doesn’t work because, superficial skin damage is repaired by the body so the same ridges come back with the new skin that forms (www.south-wales.police.uk). Fingerprints are formed by our skin and our skin is made out of two layers, dermis and epidermis (www.south-wales.police.uk). The epidermis is a thin layer and it is a protective cover of the dermis which is the thicker layer of skin that contains sweat and sebaceous glands (www.south-wales.police.uk). Now a sweat gland, consists of salt, water and urea and the sebaceous gland releases oils on the skin surface (www.south-wales.police.uk). When we come in contact with something, we leave a mark because of the products that are produced by the glands, resulting in a fingerprint mark (www.south-wales.police.uk). When our fingers are dirty or even oily, then our fingerprints can be visible (www.south-wales.police.uk). When going to a crime scene, you often stumble upon fingerprints. Fingerprints, are very valuable evidence when identifying a suspect. If the prints are in sequence, you can very easily identify the hand or finger of origin. Unfortunately, fingerprints collected at a crime scene are rarely in sequence and customarily incomplete as a consequence, it is very difficult to define which hand left the print. So these types of fingerprints are called latent fingerprints (www.south-wales.police.uk). Now latent fingerprints can be left on all surfaces including skin and there are different ways to detect and make them visible like different powders, alternate lights and lasers (www.south-wales.police.uk). There are more types of prints like visible prints, that are also referred to as patent prints and these prints are apparent to the naked eye because they are normally found in blood or something that would make a mold of the print (www.virtualsciencefair.org). When a finger comes in contact with dirt, ink or grease and then the finger touches a smooth surface then there is a visible impression of the ridge (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Another type of prints are called impressed prints or plastic prints, these prints are basically an indentation that is left in a soft surface like wax, paint or clay, they are visible prints that you can look at and photograph (www.virtualsciencefair.org). There are different patterned fingerprints, one of these is called Arches (www.virtualsciencefair.org). 5 % of fingerprint patterns are arches, the ridges of the skin go from side to side without making a backward turn (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Normally, there is no delta in an arch outline but where there a delta, no re-curving ridge must interfere among the core and delta points (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Even with in patterns, there are pattern, there are four kinds of arch patterns: plain arches, radial arches, ulnar arches and tented arches (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Plain arches have an smooth run of ridges from one area to the other of the outline, no â€Å"major up thrusts† and the ridges go into on one part of the impression, and run out the other with a increase or wave in the middle (www.virtualsciencefair.org). The ridges of radial arches incline towards the thumb; they have one delta and no re-curving ridges (www.virtualsciencefair.org). On ulnar arches, the ridges incline towards the small finger, they also have one delta and no re-curving ridges (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Tented arches have an angle, an up thrust, or two of the three basic characteristics of the loop. They don’t flow the same way that plain arches do and above all have â€Å"significant up thrusts† in the ridges near the middle that position themselves on both sides of a spine towards which the bordering ridges meet and come out to form tents (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Another fingerprint pattern are the Loops, they occur in about 60-70 % of the fingerprint patterns encountered (www.virtualsciencefair.org). The ridge enters on either side of the impression, re-curve, and touches or crosses the line that forms from the delta to the core and finishes on or in the course of the side where the ridge or ridges entered (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Each loop outline has one delta and one core and has a ridge count (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å" Radial loops are named after the radius, a bone in the forearm that joins the hand on the same side as the thumb† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). The run of the pattern in radial loops runs in the route of the radius (toward the thumb) (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Radial loops are not very frequent and on most occasions radial loops will be found on the index fingers (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"Ulnar loops are named after the ulna, a bone in the forearm† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"The ulna is on the same side as the little finger and the flow of the pattern in a ulnar loop runs in the direction of the ulna (toward the little finger)† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Whorls are found in about 25-35 % of fingerprint patterns dealt with (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"In a whorl, some of the ridges make a turn through at least one circuit† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Any fingerprint outline that has 2 or more deltas is considered a whorl pattern (www.virtualsciencefair.org). There are four types of whorl patterns, Plain whorls that have of one or more ridges which make a complete circuit with two deltas, and causes an imaginary line drawn and at least one re-curving ridge within the inner outline area is cut or touched (www.virtualsciencefair.org).† â€Å"Central pocket loop whorls have at least one re-curving ridge or an obstruction at right angles to the line of flow, with two deltas, between which when an imaginary line is drawn, no re-curving ridge within the pattern area is cut or touched† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"Central pocket loop whorl ridges make one complete circuit which may be spiral, oval, circular or any variant of a circle† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Double loop whorls are made of two separate and individual loop formations with two different and distinct shoulders for each core, two deltas and one or more ridges which make, a complete circuit (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"Among the two at least one re-curving ridge within the inner pattern area is cut when an imaginary line is drawn† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Accidental whorls are made of two dissimilar types of patterns with the exclusion of the plain arch, they have two or more deltas or a pattern which have some of the requirements for two or more different types (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Crime scene fingerprints need to be matched with fingerprints already in a file, if the suspect has never been convicted, then his fingerprints will not have been recorded so they cant compare them (www.south-wales.police.uk). For this reason, when a suspect is charged, they get fingerprinted and if there are 16 points of similarity with the prints at the crime scene it can be presented in court as evidence (www.south-wales.police.uk). Serious issues of fingerprint fraud have started to come to light; many people have been facing jail time because they have told them that their fingerprints have been found at a crime scene. In 2004 Brandon Mayfield was wrongly accused for the terrorist act in Madrid. They told him that his fingerprints were found on a explosives bag that was used to bomb a train in Madrid which resulted in the loss of 191 lives (www.news.bbc.co.uk). This news was shocking since the prime suspect hadn’t left the country in 10 years and that he had never visited Spain (www.news.bbc.co.uk). The suspect was at the time 38 years old and served 8 years in the military army (www.news.bbc.co.uk). He lived in Portland Oregon U.S.A (www.news.bbc.co.uk). He had never been arrested until the day the F.B.I showed up at his house and took him away (www.news.bbc.co.uk). At the end of this, it was proven that the fingerprint did not belong to Mayfield but to an Algerian man said to have been linked to al-Qaeda (www.news.bbc.co.uk). Fingerprints within forensic science is very important even thought there is a very big debate on whether or not it is the right way to go about crime scenes. We have seen the different types of fingerprints, what they are made from, we have gone through a case where fingerprints where not substantial evidence and put an innocent man in prison for a while. So with this I conclude that fingerprints are important the art of fingerprints just needs to be perfect so that the real criminals get what they deserve. References Hodierne, R. (2004) Military lawyers defend civil liberties [on line]. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4066775.stm [Accessed on 15 November 2007] Available from: http://www.south-wales.police.uk/fe/master.asp?n1=8n2=253n3=1028 [Accessed on 13 November 2007] Moore, G. History of fingerprints [on line]. Available from: http://www.onin.com/fp/fphistory.html [Accessed 15 November 2007] Available from: http://www.virtualsciencefair.org/2004/fren4j0/public_html/types_prints.htm [Accessed 12 November 2007] Inderjit Singh, P.K. Chattopadhyay and R.K. Garg.(1995). Forensic Science International Volume 152, Issues 2-3, 10 September 2005, Pages 205-208

Romeo And Juliet: Overview :: essays research papers

Romeo and Juliet: Overview "From forth the fatal loins of these two foes, a pair of star crossed lovers take their life." Romeo and Juliet's death was a result of many misfortunes, but they were mostly victims of the society in which they live, malignant fate, and there own passions. Romeo and Juliet are members of two families that are each others two biggest enemies, there both rich families and with that comes expectations that you are expected to live up to. If something was done incorrectly or a wrongful action was taken, the consequences for that action might be different from a person who was not as rich, because people look up to the Capulet's and the Montague's and will more likely follow them, and want to be like them more then a poorer person. Therefore Romeo and Juliet are influenced by this and marriage with a member of the enemy could result in being looked down upon in your family, cause even more anarchy between the two families or possibly banishment from your house. They are victims of this because if their families did know of this marriage, they would have had no reason to cover up or hide anything, and there would have possibly been peace between the two families. Evil fate played a major role in the lives of Romeo and Juliet because of all the things that could have happened differently, the events that transpired just didn't flow in their direction. A few of the malignant fate situations were the servant asking Romeo to read the invitation list and inviting them to the party where the star-crossed lovers meet and fall in love, they are discovered by Tybalt and he is furious, he consults Lord Capulet, but he says let them stay. Later, Tybalt decides to take matters into his own hands and picks a fight with Romeo, but Romeo backs down and Mercutio steps up to fight Tybalt. They fight and Tybalt kills Mercutio, this results in Romeo losing his temper. Avenging Mercutio, Romeo slays Tybalt and is banished from Verona, he hides in Mantua and receives word that Juliet is dead. In turn another act of fate transpires, where Friar John cannot deliver the letter from Friar Lawrence to Romeo which says that Juliet is not really dead. So Romeo thinks Juliet is really dead and returns to Verona to kill himself. He succeeds and Juliet wakes up and finds her lover dead beside her and she kills herself as well. So fate plays a major role in the deaths of Romeo and Juliet.

Examining The Examples Of A Tragic Hero English Literature Essay

A premier illustration of a tragic hero is John Proctor, from Arthur Millers, The Crucible.A Proctor is easy placed in this class of heroes because he has features that define who may be considered such a hero, such as the fact that he is extremely regarded in the community, that he has a tragic defect, that he dies and embraces decease with self-respect and that he is portrayed as a human being like his readers to which causes a katharsis of emotions in them. Leon Golden writes that â€Å" the ideal Aristotelean form of tragedyaˆÂ ¦ the autumn from felicity to wretchedness, caused by a serious rational mistake, on the portion of a hero who is worthy of regard†¦ † ( Golden ) . John makes such â€Å" mistakes † due to his tragic defects, which result in his ruin, but in malice of these defects in his character, he is extremely regarded within his community. He makes a serious mistake in judgement, realizes that he has made an irreversible error, and while he re cognizes that he must be put to decease, maintains his self-respect and trades with his destiny with a step of credence, like a tragic hero is supposed to make. Finally, John has the intrinsic ability to pull out sympathy and commiseration from his readers which is besides a celebrated quality of the authoritative tragic hero. John Proctor is hence the quintessential illustration of a tragic hero.A It is apparent early on thatA John ProctorA wasA extremely esteemed within the community, A because heA wasA called toA Reverend Parris ‘ family toA see howA the Reverend ‘s ailment daughterA was making. The rigorous Puritan members of Salem besides commended him for hanging the door of the church.A Despite the strength in which the Puritans regarded their faith and the contempt they shared for those less â€Å" spiritual † than they were, Arthur Miller writes that â€Å" Proctor, respected and even feared in SalemaˆÂ ¦ † ( Miller 20 ) . John ProctorA wasA s till considered to be an honest, hardworkingA adult male and aA God-fearingA Christian, even though he did n't go to church and was non, in any manner, perfect. James Martine suggests that â€Å" the ideal supporter of calamity, so, says Aristotle, must be a adult male like ourselves, one who does non possess righteousness and virtuousness to flawlessness, but whose character is held in high-esteem by all † ( Martine ) . Therefore, Proctor fits the portion of Aristotle ‘s tragic hero definition which claims he must be a well-respected individual within the narrative ‘s chief community ( even if he is non near to being Godhead ) . However, as is the instance for every tragic hero, a tragic defect that John Proctor possesses finally led to his tragic terminal. One of John Proctor ‘s tragic defects was his unfaithfulness. Like Larry Brown believes, â€Å" Miller created the matter between Proctor and Abigail as a cardinal motivational factor in Proctor ‘ s character † ( Brown ) . Because of the matter he pursues with 17 twelvemonth old, Abigail, the remainder of the events that lead to his day of reckoning unfold. Abigail ‘s green-eyed monster of Proctor ‘s married woman, Elizabeth, cause her to get down a commotion in Salem and to impeach people of take parting in witchery because she believes if she removes Elizabeth, by impeaching her of being a enchantress she could hold the desirable John Proctor all to herself.A Another defect of Proctor that consequences in his decease is his pride. Martine agrees that for a hero to be considered tragic, â€Å" the hero must be a extremely moral person who has a tragic defect, a tragic flaw. This defect is frequently hubris-commonly characterized as prideaˆÂ ¦ † ( Martine ) . Proctor is delayed in the confession of his wickedness because it is of extreme importance to him to keep a good name. Had he owned up to the matter earlier on in the procedure, he could hol d shown the tribunal that Abigail had a sensible alibi and the whole events of the Salem enchantress tests could hold been stopped before they even began. Because of John Proctor ‘s serious defect in character and his awful wickedness, he is hanged upon the gallows of Salem for all to see. Not many people accept decease with such awards and unity as Proctor does. A Out of self-respect and pride in his household and himself, John Proctor decides to be hanged instead than lie and falsely confess to hold practiced witchery and everlastingly be associated with it. Proctor, in mention to the prevarication that subscribing his confession would be, says â€Å" Because I can non hold another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to prevarications † ( Miller Act IV ) . In add-on, he does non desire to subject to the giving over of names of other people in the community, feigning that they were enchantresss, to acquire himself off the hook, or in this instance, gallows. †Å" The tragic terminal of the drama comes at the really point where Proctor found his morality and award that he thought he lost † ( University of Houston- Clear Lake ) . The pride that led to Proctor ‘s ruin is the same pride that causes him to decease in self-respect, without subscribing to prevarications. John Proctor hides his criminal conversation with Abigail from the tribunal for the interest of repute, until he must squeal: â€Å" I have made a bell of my award! I have rung the day of reckoning of my good name. † However, as he is pressured to curse falsely that he dealt in witchery, Proctor realizes it is his name in the sense of personal unity, being true to himself, non his repute among others that affairs most of all ( Brown ) . The concluding facet of a tragic hero that John Proctor undoubtedly encompasses is his relatability, which causes the other characters in the drama and its readers to sympathize with him. Proctor is displayed as a mere human being with defects and battles which in many ways mirror our ain defects and battles. â€Å" This deep-rooted temperament of ‘frailty ‘ is Proctor ‘s ain indispensable humanity and demonstrates him to be ‘a adult male merely like ourselves. ‘ And since this is so, the attendant katharsis arouses, and purgings, our ain commiseration and fright † ( Martine ) . Some of his greatest battles are happening himself and covering with the guilt he feels for holding an matter, which he finally comes to accept as Martine says ; â€Å" John Proctor is heroic because he accepts his guilt and indicts the society that would coerce him to give over his scruples. To make both, he must be self-discovered, self-recognized and eventually self-ac cepting † ( Martine ) . Proctor is at his tallness of ego consciousness when he realizes how of import it is to keep his unity. Robert Heilman explains that Shakespeare made the tragic hero, â€Å" a figure capable of self-awareness and self-judgment † ( Heilman ) . Just as Miller gave John Proctor the ability to hold self-awareness, William Shakespeare gave his tragic heroes the same ability. Because the readers find themselves similar to Invigilate in that they besides are flawed, they are able to to the full sympathize with him and throw themselves into the emotional convulsion of the narrative. Therefore, when the narrative of John Proctor is read, the reader experiences a katharsis of emotions. They feel fear for him, throughout the tests and when his destiny is being determined. They feel sympathy for him as he approaches his decease, right after he and Elizabeth eventually mend their matrimony. A narrative of a tragic hero tends to accomplish that consequence on its readers.

Effect of rock lyrics on behaviour

You must be listening to rock music, don't you? Which are your favourite bands? I love listening to music but rock is just not my type. I like peaceful, classical music. The lyrics are horrible. It seems as if someone is screaming on top of their voices. They do not make sense. It has a severe effect on schoolwork, social interactions, mood and particularly behavior. Lyrics have become more explicit in their references to violence over the years, particularly in certain genres like rock. They have particularly harsh effect on the behaviour and usually on certain attributes like aggression. There have been many researches on this issue which all point to the same result. People, especially adolescents listening to rock culture are likely to be more aggressive and quick-tempered. They may also have an ego problem. Bad egos will always a negative effect on a child's behaviour and personality. This has more or less an invariable outcome on studies, mood and social life. Their concentration in school depletes. Experts say, â€Å"Children who are exposed to such kind of music and lyrics at a young age tend to degrade in their studies and as a result may go into depression.† They usually get angry faster and create big quarrels over small topics. They are said to become more ‘rebellious' and are often prone to mood swings. Moreover, the lyrics of the music have become more vulgar and obscene in the past decade. Parents are becoming concerned about what the child listens to and they cannot find it out due to the more frequent usage of headphones. They learn more offensive vocabulary which is not meant for their age. In some of the more severe cases a child may become addictive to rock and may find it hard to even stop listening to it. In some rare cases it has also lead to death. Some people, the young generation in particular believe that music cannot possibly have an effect on a person's mental, physical and psychological behaviour. They also consider it affects a person positively and enhances concentration and is a means of becoming stress free. However, this statement is not true and I believe that rock music is no less than a drug. I advise to all parents to inhibit this addiction and nip it in the bud. It is for a child's own safety that he must not listen to such music.